The rise and fall of London: from dissolving the population to reuniting the population

(Original title: London's rise and fall inspiration: from dissolving the population to reuniting the population)

At Canary Wharf, the surrounding cranes and the skyscrapers form the new financial city of London. The multinational banks such as HSBC, Citigroup and Barclays have settled here. In the next few years, projects such as the London Greenland Center, Diamond Building and JP Morgan Chase will also gradually appear. This once-dead port is developing into a new landmark in London.

The New City is 6 km northwest of the Shoreditch area, which is only 2.5 km from the central financial city of London. It was originally a heavy industrial area and a slum. After more than half a century of abandonment, the Shoreditch area was able to “review the day” and was expected by the local and Greater London municipal governments to develop into a “future Silicon Valley” and tried to increase infrastructure, tax breaks, Multiple policies such as rents attract technology companies to settle in.

Similar to Canary Wharf and Shoreditch, London is advancing urban redevelopment, with the South Bank of the Thames being the most concentrated, with cranes across the river from Big Ben and Westminster Abbey. The most common urban element in the South Bank region.

Behind the big urban construction in London, it is the vision of the local government's expectation of industrial gathering and talent pooling, which in turn drives economic development and urban renewal. It is also a revision of the development of the past cities to some extent. In the decades from 1946 to the 1990s, London carried out a planned satellite city construction, new town planning, population deconstruction and industrial transfer. This new city plan, regarded as a classic case of world urban planning, solved the problems of excessive concentration of people, traffic congestion and environmental pollution that plagued London at the time. Today, London's programs are still being borrowed and emulated by many countries and cities, including Beijing.

Looking back at the urban development strategy at the time, many British scholars said that it was a double-edged sword. Dave Shaw, director of the Department of Planning at the University of Liverpool, even bluntly stated that in the early planning, the only thing that could withstand testing was the “green belt” design that would control London's continued expansion. Returning to the present, the pain that the decision made in London for the year still continued to ferment, but the outside world did not seem to feel the same.

New Town Movement and "British Disease"

For London in childhood memories, 77-year-old resident Abner Patel described it as: overcrowded, heavy traffic, and supplies in short supply. After the end of the Second World War, in order to solve the problems of unemployment, disease, poverty and other problems brought about by environmental pollution, population expansion, post-war urban reconstruction and war, the United Kingdom began a large-scale urban construction movement.

At that time, as a national strategy led by the government, the construction of the new city gained unprecedented attention in the UK. In the 20 years after 1946, the government promulgated the "New City Law" and the "New City Development Law", formed a special new city committee, and formulated the basic principles of the new city planning.

The boom in the construction of this new city has produced 14 new towns, 8 of which surround London to solve the urban problems in London and plan to evacuate 1.5 million people.

The inner circle, suburban circle, green belt circle and rural circle mentioned in the Greater London Plan cover a total area of ​​1579 square kilometers, covering an area of ​​one tenth of Beijing. Eight new cities are distributed in rural circles and green. Bands together control urban sprawl, evacuation of population and industry. At that time, the government proposed that the goal of the new city planning is to build a new city that can live, work, balance, and be self-sufficient. The jobs need to come from a variety of industrial channels; the new city cannot be a single-class society, and should absorb various classes and Class people come to live and work.

In order to promote population evacuation, the government stipulates that service industries and industrial enterprises cannot enter London, and the satellite city will give these enterprises tax incentives and provide preferential policies such as housing to the displaced population. In addition, a large number of posters promoting satellite cities began to appear in London. Under this guidance, millions of people migrated to the new city to pursue a better living environment and more adequate jobs.

However, the early New Town focused on the development of employment and housing, neglecting the construction of shopping and leisure facilities, which directly led to the emergence of “New City Depression”.

For example, due to lack of planning experience, after a long period of operation, the population growth rate of Haro New City is still slow. By the end of December 1978, the population was only 70,000. Due to the lack of rich urban life and employment difficulties, young people have returned to big cities. The phenomenon.

Even if the problems are serious, the new city still solves the problems of land use tension, high housing prices, traffic congestion, and population expansion in large cities to a certain extent. The data shows that all the new cities built in the UK have a population of 2.25 million, providing 1.11 million jobs and absorbing many internationally renowned companies including Procter & Gamble, GlaxoSmithKline, Mercedes-Benz and Audi.

Along with this, there is a large loss of population and work in the city of London. "This has led to the decline of London to a certain extent," some scholars pointed out.

In the nearly 40 years of the implementation of the new city plan, due to the transfer of industry and talents and the failure of macroeconomic policies, the inner city of London has experienced serious financial problems, employment problems, uneven development and social problems such as crime and drug abuse.

In Conan Doyle's pen, the most dangerous thing about fog is the Eastern District. Today, East London is still synonymous with slums, deterring tourists and locals in the UK. Some scholars believe that the imbalance between East London and West London can be attributed to the government's export of limited resources to the new city to a certain extent, and the regional industry transformation is not complete, thus depriving the eastern region of development space.

The Whitechapel area of ​​East London is just 2 kilometres from the financial city of central London, but it is a famous slum, and the notorious “Crowd Jack” has been here. This area is home to a large number of immigrants and low-income people in London. Shops selling cheap clothing and daily necessities, vendors selling simple shelves selling fruits and vegetables, and trucks and litter bins scattered around the street are everywhere. The scene of the run-down is in stark contrast to the bustling central financial city 2 km away.

In London, the area abandoned by the times is too numerous to mention. The more famous one is Kings Cross, adjacent to the British Library, 3 km from central London. There are two adjacent large railway stations in the area, St Pancra Station and Kings Cross Station. During the Victorian period, the King's Cross was an important transportation hub. The trains from the north of England and the east coast of Scotland continued to flow, not only to transport passengers to London, but also to transport indispensable daily necessities such as coal and beer. But as an industrial heritage, the King's Cross has long been a run-down, thieves and drunks have become London's well-known red light district, the entire area is full of drugs, low-end nightclubs and dance clubs, the majority of the residents are poor.

In 1979, faced with the typical "British disease" of the inner city, the newly-decided Thatcher government pursued a neo-liberal political and economic strategy, and the national policy showed great changes. After the adoption of the Inner City Area Law, the Labor Party government announced that it would invest more resources in the inner city area to promote the revival of the inner city.

In 1980, the government announced that the New Town Committee and the development company were all dissolved in the early 1990s. The housing construction in the new city was greatly reduced. In the future, any new city expansion project will not be loaned by the government, and only private investment will be carried out.

This marks the end of more than 30 years of development of the New Town Movement in the UK.

Welcome back to the "King of the Cross"

A quiet but profound urban revolution quietly unfolded in the UK in the early 21st century, the core of this social movement, the urban renaissance. The goal is to make unremitting practices in all areas and levels of society and in various parts of the city, bringing the city to life and vitality.

As the chief architectural and urbanist consultant of the then mayor of London and head of the UK Urban Working Group, Richard Rogers completed a study entitled “The Renaissance to the City”, which was Known as the "City Yellow Book." The first mention of the meaning of urban renewal is the same height as the Renaissance.

In the foreword to this report, Rogers pointed out: "To achieve the revival of the city is not only about numbers and proportions, but about creating a city of high quality and lasting vitality that people expect."

Regarding the development strategy of the City of London, Rogers did not hide his critical position. He publicly stated: "In terms of urban development strategic planning, the UK lags far behind Amsterdam in the Netherlands, behind Barcelona in Spain, and behind Copenhagen in Denmark. , probably behind these cities for 20 years."

After the publication of this research report, the British government first proposed the urban revitalization plan of “Let the urban elite return to the city center”, hoping to reproduce a new round of prosperity in the old city. Therefore, the return to the city center has become one of the main features of this London renaissance, followed by high-intensity urban renewal for several years.

Now, from the north to the south through the Kings Cross, the slogan “Welcome to Kings Cross Street” and the construction site of the cranes complement each other. Kings Cross has become one of the largest regional development projects in central London in 150 years.

In this area, St. Pancras Railway Station was renovated and refurbished after seven years. It cost 500 million pounds and was opened to traffic in 2007. In 2012, the £550 million King’s Cross railway station was rebuilt and completed with St Pancras. The train station is connected. Together with the original 6 subway lines, it forms the largest and most important comprehensive transportation station in the UK.

In the overview map of the King's Cross reconstruction area, it can be found that the entire district's redevelopment project covers an area of ​​270,000 square meters, with the Regent River as the dividing line. Based on the goal of “transport hub to drive economy”, the south of the canal is mainly used for Development of office buildings, residential areas and related packages are planned to the north of the canal.

The principle that urban blocks advocated by Rogers should overlap life, work, shopping, learning and leisure is implemented in the region.

After that, Louis Vuitton, Amazon, Facebook, Universal Music and other well-known companies and "Guardian" "Observer" have chosen to enter King's Cross Street. Jason Slater, the planner responsible for this regional plan, said: "No one has ever connected Louis Vuitton to the King's Cross before, but now we have done it."

After gathering in the industry and bringing together the population, King's Cross Street exudes a city that rivals the Westminster area of ​​London, and this vitality continues to be favored by companies.

Google's new headquarters building in the UK is located at the intersection of St Pancras Railway Station and King's Cross Station, and is less than 500 meters walk from both stations. This 11-story office building, which was just in use in 2017, can accommodate 5,000 employees. For Google’s entry, Fan Huiyong, director of the UK Real Estate Research Center, said that in addition to the natural appeal of mature communities and perfect ecology, Google’s entry into King’s Cross Street can be based on University College London and Cambridge University (by train to Kings Cross Street) 50 minutes) A ​​strong talent pool and a patent information service from the British Library.

Based on this, it is not difficult to find that mature areas with agglomeration effects in cities are still the key factors for enterprises to determine their market behavior.

Many scholars have said that the overall value of the update of the central region is the highest, and the return from the update is also the highest. "For the city, the most important thing is the core cohesiveness of the central area. Talents and industries need to gather and communicate. There is a certain concentration to produce a certain scale."

While the Urban Renaissance Movement is focusing on rebuilding the central region, it is also pursuing a balanced development, with a view to realizing the distribution of education, media, technology, entertainment and other industries in Greater London and the rational distribution of population. This is reflected in the fact that in addition to the King's Cross, London is also dotted with a number of areas of urban renewal, such as the Olympic New Town in Newham and the Old Street intersection in the Shoreditch area.

Multi-center, decentralized development

An official from the London Development Promotion Agency revealed that London's future development is a multi-centered, decentralized development, and emphasizes the bottom-up development philosophy that the determination of the center will be guided by the accumulation of capital and manpower, which means The formation of each new center will be dominated by market development.

In the planning academic world, London will no longer focus on development and it has become a consensus.

The City Development Vision Plan document, updated by the City of London in 2016, contains an overview of the latest London City Centre network. This overview shows that the city centres of London in the future will be largely distributed from east to west on both sides of the Thames. Except for Westminster and the City of London, the other 13 city centres marked in the map are more evenly distributed. Spread over 1579 square kilometers in Greater London.

In this overview, there are still a number of sub-centers scattered around the 13 relatively large urban centers, and the future urban form of London will be linked to the city center and regional center.

These centers each carry out different functions to attract populations with corresponding needs. The information in the above planning documents shows that the functions of each city center in the overview map are quite diverse. For example, Kingston may become a higher education, leisure and entertainment center; Brent will become a consulting service industry, retail center; Hillingdon will become a logistics, transportation, entertainment center.

These urban centers are connected by radial roads and road networks of concentric circular roads that combine a variety of modes of transportation, including buses, trams, subways, urban light rails and Thames water transport. Among them, rail transit consists of 11 subway lines, 3 airport track express lines, 1 light rail line and 26 urban railway lines. There are more than 700 bus lines in the city center. The well-developed transportation network ensures that suburban residents can reach the downtown office area within an hour without using a private car.

On this basis, London is still constructing two cross-city railways that cross the east-west direction and the north-south direction, and will be put into operation in 2019.

Therefore, in the urban layout of the multi-center and high-density transportation network, even if the total population of the Greater London area has exceeded the peak of the population of 8.6 million in 1939, and the population density is much higher than that of Beijing, the traffic congestion and population expansion are not heavy. Now. Contrary to previous practice, the City of London is still trying to pool populations to increase the city's vitality, predicting that the population of London will increase to 10.5 million by 2041.

In the view of planning scholars, the quality of the city is another important factor in order to gather people. How to make the city humanized is crucial.

In this regard, Alan Hudson, director of the Center for Decision Leadership and Public Policy Research at the Department of Sociology at the University of Oxford, said: "The city should use the daily life experience of its residents as the original material and essence of urban planning, that is, creating cities for citizens."

According to Yang Wei, a member of the Royal Academy of Architects Qualifications Committee, the 400-meter walk in 5 minutes is the golden rule of public travel. What kind of service facilities around the 400 meters is another important link in determining the quality of the city. This principle is common in all cities, including London and Beijing. She pointed out that “the city does not exist to meet the aesthetic needs. The so-called illegal construction and management are naturally grown. This reflects the public’s demand."

Because of this golden rule, competition between urban centers in London is also creeping.

Canary Wharf is a top-down planning area in London in the 1990s. It was intended to share the many employees and institutions in the City of London at the beginning of the planning process. Therefore, the function has been relatively simple for a long time. Residential and good schools, which led to the inability of the children of the island’s multinational banks and high-end management agencies to enter school.

In the tide of urban revitalization, areas with more complete facilities and more complete ecological areas are emerging, which is a threat to the single-function emerging city center. For example, the UK Financial Services Authority has planned to move away from Canary Wharf and choose to enter the more planned Olympic New Town.

According to informed sources, the Canary Wharf Group has held several meetings to discuss countermeasures for the major institutions in the retention area. This includes spending a lot of money to lobby the government, and investing 400 million pounds to help build the Trans-City Railway, and strive to set up the Canary Wharf Station to provide convenience for the public here.

In addition, while building commercial buildings and high-rise residential buildings, in order to promote the diversification of industries in the region, the Canary Wharf area has introduced Reuters, Daily Telegraph, Mirror, Independent Newspaper and other retail industries. Start building a technology business incubator to provide a more mature community ecology.

For the transformation of Canary Wharf, many scholars believe that the choice of the market has played a decisive role, but whether this remedy can really resolve its current embarrassing situation remains to be seen.

(Editor: Song Zheng HN002)

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